PlantTFDB - Plant Transcription Factor Database @ CBI, PKU

PlantRegMap/PlantTFDB v5.0

Plant Transcription Factor Database

Transcription Factor Information

Basic Information | Signature Domain | Sequence |

Basic Information? help Back to Top

TF ID

AT5G44190.1

Common Name

ATGLK2, GLK2, GPRI2, MLN1.11

Organism

Arabidopsis thaliana

Taxonomic ID

3702

Taxonomic Lineage

cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Streptophytina; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Euphyllophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Mesangiospermae; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis

Family

G2-like

Protein Properties

Length: 386aa MW: 42167.3 Da PI: 6.6047

Description

GOLDEN2-like 2

Gene Model

Gene Model ID	Type	Source	Coding Sequence
AT5G44190.1	genome	TAIR	View CDS

Signature Domain? help Back to Top

No.	Domain	Score	E-value	Start	End	HMM Start	HMM End
1	G2-like	92.3	4.1e-29	147	201	1	56
G2-like 1 kprlrWtpeLHerFveaveqLGGsekAtPktilelmkvkgLtlehvkSHLQkYRla 56 kp+++WtpeLH++Fv+aveqL G +kA+P++ile+m+vk+Lt+++v+SHLQkYR++ AT5G44190.1 147 KPKVDWTPELHRKFVQAVEQL-GVDKAVPSRILEIMNVKSLTRHNVASHLQKYRSH 201 79*****************.******************************86 PP

Protein Features ? help Back to Top

Database	Entry ID	E-value	Start	End	InterPro ID	Description
PROSITE profile	PS51294	16.18	144	203	IPR017930	Myb domain
Gene3D	G3DSA:1.10.10.60	9.6E-29	145	204	IPR009057	Homeodomain-like
SuperFamily	SSF46689	6.18E-20	145	204	IPR009057	Homeodomain-like
TIGRFAMs	TIGR01557	1.6E-26	147	201	IPR006447	Myb domain, plants
Pfam	PF00249	2.5E-8	150	199	IPR001005	SANT/Myb domain

Gene Ontology ? help Back to Top
GO Term	GO Category	GO Description
GO:0009658	Biological Process	chloroplast organization
GO:0009910	Biological Process	negative regulation of flower development
GO:0010380	Biological Process	regulation of chlorophyll biosynthetic process
GO:0045893	Biological Process	positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
GO:1900056	Biological Process	negative regulation of leaf senescence
GO:0005634	Cellular Component	nucleus
GO:0003677	Molecular Function	DNA binding
GO:0003700	Molecular Function	transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding
GO:0005515	Molecular Function	protein binding

Plant Ontology ? help Back to Top
PO Term	PO Category	PO Description
PO:0000013	anatomy	cauline leaf
PO:0000037	anatomy	shoot apex
PO:0000084	anatomy	plant sperm cell
PO:0000230	anatomy	inflorescence meristem
PO:0000293	anatomy	guard cell
PO:0008019	anatomy	leaf lamina base
PO:0009005	anatomy	root
PO:0009006	anatomy	shoot system
PO:0009009	anatomy	plant embryo
PO:0009010	anatomy	seed
PO:0009025	anatomy	vascular leaf
PO:0009029	anatomy	stamen
PO:0009030	anatomy	carpel
PO:0009031	anatomy	sepal
PO:0009032	anatomy	petal
PO:0009046	anatomy	flower
PO:0009047	anatomy	stem
PO:0009052	anatomy	flower pedicel
PO:0020030	anatomy	cotyledon
PO:0020038	anatomy	petiole
PO:0020100	anatomy	hypocotyl
PO:0020137	anatomy	leaf apex
PO:0025022	anatomy	collective leaf structure
PO:0025281	anatomy	pollen
PO:0001054	developmental stage	vascular leaf senescent stage
PO:0001078	developmental stage	plant embryo cotyledonary stage
PO:0001081	developmental stage	mature plant embryo stage
PO:0001185	developmental stage	plant embryo globular stage
PO:0004507	developmental stage	plant embryo bilateral stage
PO:0007064	developmental stage	LP.12 twelve leaves visible stage
PO:0007095	developmental stage	LP.08 eight leaves visible stage
PO:0007098	developmental stage	LP.02 two leaves visible stage
PO:0007103	developmental stage	LP.10 ten leaves visible stage
PO:0007115	developmental stage	LP.04 four leaves visible stage
PO:0007123	developmental stage	LP.06 six leaves visible stage
PO:0007611	developmental stage	petal differentiation and expansion stage
PO:0007616	developmental stage	flowering stage

Sequence ? help Back to Top
Protein Sequence Length: 386 aa Download sequence Send to blast
MLTVSPAPVL IGNNSKDTYM AADFADFTTE DLPDFTTVGD FSDDLLDGID YYDDLFIGFD 60 GDDVLPDLEI DSEILGEYSG SGRDEEQEME GNTSTASETS ERDVGVCKQE GGGGGDGGFR 120 DKTVRRGKRK GKKSKDCLSD ENDIKKKPKV DWTPELHRKF VQAVEQLGVD KAVPSRILEI 180 MNVKSLTRHN VASHLQKYRS HRKHLLAREA EAASWNLRRH ATVAVPGVGG GGKKPWTAPA 240 LGYPPHVAPM HHGHFRPLHV WGHPTWPKHK PNTPASAHRT YPMPAIAAAP ASWPGHPPYW 300 HQQPLYPQGY GMASSNHSSI GVPTRQLGPT NPPIDIHPSN ESIDAAIGDV ISKPWLPLPL 360 GLKPPSVDGV MTELQRQGVS NVPPLP

Sequence ? help Back to Top

Protein Sequence Length: 386 aa Download sequence Send to blast

MLTVSPAPVL IGNNSKDTYM AADFADFTTE DLPDFTTVGD FSDDLLDGID YYDDLFIGFD  60
GDDVLPDLEI DSEILGEYSG SGRDEEQEME GNTSTASETS ERDVGVCKQE GGGGGDGGFR  120
DKTVRRGKRK GKKSKDCLSD ENDIKKKPKV DWTPELHRKF VQAVEQLGVD KAVPSRILEI  180
MNVKSLTRHN VASHLQKYRS HRKHLLAREA EAASWNLRRH ATVAVPGVGG GGKKPWTAPA  240
LGYPPHVAPM HHGHFRPLHV WGHPTWPKHK PNTPASAHRT YPMPAIAAAP ASWPGHPPYW  300
HQQPLYPQGY GMASSNHSSI GVPTRQLGPT NPPIDIHPSN ESIDAAIGDV ISKPWLPLPL  360
GLKPPSVDGV MTELQRQGVS NVPPLP

3D Structure ? help Back to Top

PDB ID	Evalue	Query Start	Query End	Hit Start	Hit End	Description
1irz_A	8e-19	145	199	3	57	ARR10-B
Search in ModeBase

Nucleic Localization Signal ? help Back to Top

No.	Start	End	Sequence
1	124	132	RRGKRKGKK
2	127	135	KRKGKKSKD

Expression -- UniGene ? help Back to Top
UniGene ID	E-value	Expressed in
At.19638	0.0	bud\| flower\| inflorescence\| seed\| silique

Expression -- Microarray ? help Back to Top
Source	ID	E-value
GEO	145358838	0.0
Genevisible	249035_at	0.0
Expression Atlas	AT5G44190	-
AtGenExpress	AT5G44190	-
ATTED-II	AT5G44190	-

Expression -- Description ? help Back to Top
Source	Description
Uniprot	TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in cotyledons and rosette and cauline leaves. Expressed at low levels in roots, shoots, flowers and siliques. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12220263}.

Functional Description ? help Back to Top
Source	Description
TAIR	Encodes GLK2, Golden2-like 2, one of a pair of partially redundant nuclear transcription factors that regulate chloroplast development in a cell-autonomous manner. GLK1, Golden2-like 1, is encoded by At2g20570. GLK1 and GLK2 regulate the expression of the photosynthetic apparatus.
UniProt	Transcriptional activator that functions with GLK1 to promote chloroplast development. Acts as an activator of nuclear photosynthetic genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, light harvesting, and electron transport. Acts in a cell-autonomous manner to coordinate and maintain the photosynthetic apparatus within individual cells. May function in photosynthetic capacity optimization by integrating responses to variable environmental and endogenous cues (PubMed:11828027, PubMed:12220263, PubMed:18643989, PubMed:19376934, PubMed:19383092, PubMed:19726569). Prevents premature senescence (PubMed:23459204). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11828027, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12220263, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:18643989, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:19376934, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:19383092, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:19726569, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:23459204}.

Function -- GeneRIF ? help Back to Top
GLK1 and GLK2 are functionally equivalent. They act in a cell-autonomous manner to regulate chloroplast development. When mis-expressed in the phloem, GLKs can be unloaded into adjoining photosynthetic tissue. [PMID: 18643989] GLK1 and GLK2 stimulate expression of chlorophyll biosynthesis and light-harvesting genes. [PMID: 19376934] ORE1 interacts with the G2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2, which are important for chloroplast development and maintenance. [PMID: 23459204] Overexpression of GLKs caused up-regulation of not only their direct targets but also non-target nuclear and plastid genes, leading to global induction of chloroplast biogenesis in the root. [PMID: 23749810] Overexpressors of the Golden2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2 were identified as genomes uncoupled mutants. [PMID: 26876646] plants that overexpress GLK1/2 exhibited an open-stomata phenotype and higher sensitivity to ozone [PMID: 27035938] results indicated that GLKs played a positively role in virus resistance in Arabidopsis [PMID: 27346129] P69 binding to GLK proteins may interfere with the interaction between GLK proteins and upstream transcription factors, causing defective binding of GLK proteins to their targets. [PMID: 27964999] Results indicate key regulatory features of the GATA NITRATE-INDUCIBLE CARBON-METABOLISM-INVOLVED (GNC) and GOLDEN TWO-LIKE (GLK2) transcription factor families that contribute to the control of chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic activity. [PMID: 30002259]

Cis-element ? help Back to Top
Source	Link
PlantRegMap	AT5G44190.1

Regulation -- Description ? help Back to Top
Source	Description
UniProt	INDUCTION: By light. Repressed by BZR2. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12220263, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:21214652}.

Regulation -- PlantRegMap ? help Back to Top
Source	Upstream Regulator	Target Gene
PlantRegMap	Retrieve	-

Regulation -- ATRM (Manually Curated Upstream Regulators) ? help Back to Top
Source	Upstream Regulator (A: Activate/R: Repress)
ATRM	AT1G19350 (R)

Interaction ? help Back to Top
Source	Intact With
IntAct	Search Q9FFH0

Phenotype -- Disruption Phenotype ? help Back to Top
Source	Description
UniProt	DISRUPTION PHENOTYPE: Pale green siliques (PubMed:12220263). Pale-green seedlings in double mutants glk1/glk2 (PubMed:23459204). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12220263, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:23459204}.

Phenotype -- Mutation ? help Back to Top
Source	ID
T-DNA Express	AT5G44190

Annotation -- Nucleotide ? help Back to Top
Source	Hit ID	E-value	Description
GenBank	AB062490	0.0	AB062490.1 Arabidopsis thaliana mRNA for GPRI2, complete cds.
GenBank	AY026773	0.0	AY026773.1 Arabidopsis thaliana golden2-like transcription factor (GLK2) mRNA, complete cds.

Annotation -- Protein ? help Back to Top
Source	Hit ID	E-value	Description
Refseq	NP_199232.1	0.0	GOLDEN2-like 2
Swissprot	Q9FFH0	0.0	GLK2_ARATH; Transcription activator GLK2
TrEMBL	A0A178UP21	0.0	A0A178UP21_ARATH; GPRI2
STRING	AT5G44190.1	0.0	(Arabidopsis thaliana)

Orthologous Group ? help Back to Top
Lineage	Orthologous Group ID	Taxa Number	Gene Number
Malvids	OGEM2209	27	73
Representative plant	OGRP2840	15	29

Link Out ? help Back to Top
Phytozome	AT5G44190.1
Entrez Gene	834442
iHOP	AT5G44190
wikigenes	AT5G44190

Publications ? help Back to Top
Riechmann JL, et al. Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes. Science, 2000. 290(5499): p. 2105-10 [PMID:11118137] Tamai H,Iwabuchi M,Meshi T Arabidopsis GARP transcriptional activators interact with the Pro-rich activation domain shared by G-box-binding bZIP factors. Plant Cell Physiol., 2002. 43(1): p. 99-107 [PMID:11828027] Fitter DW,Martin DJ,Copley MJ,Scotland RW,Langdale JA GLK gene pairs regulate chloroplast development in diverse plant species. Plant J., 2002. 31(6): p. 713-27 [PMID:12220263] Yamada K, et al. Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. Science, 2003. 302(5646): p. 842-6 [PMID:14593172] Jiao Y, et al. A genome-wide analysis of blue-light regulation of Arabidopsis transcription factor gene expression during seedling development. Plant Physiol., 2003. 133(4): p. 1480-93 [PMID:14605227] Czechowski T,Bari RP,Stitt M,Scheible WR,Udvardi MK Real-time RT-PCR profiling of over 1400 Arabidopsis transcription factors: unprecedented sensitivity reveals novel root- and shoot-specific genes. Plant J., 2004. 38(2): p. 366-79 [PMID:15078338] Souret FF,Kastenmayer JP,Green PJ AtXRN4 degrades mRNA in Arabidopsis and its substrates include selected miRNA targets. Mol. Cell, 2004. 15(2): p. 173-83 [PMID:15260969] Nawy T, et al. Transcriptional profile of the Arabidopsis root quiescent center. Plant Cell, 2005. 17(7): p. 1908-25 [PMID:15937229] Truman W,de Zabala MT,Grant M Type III effectors orchestrate a complex interplay between transcriptional networks to modify basal defence responses during pathogenesis and resistance. Plant J., 2006. 46(1): p. 14-33 [PMID:16553893] Cao D,Cheng H,Wu W,Soo HM,Peng J Gibberellin mobilizes distinct DELLA-dependent transcriptomes to regulate seed germination and floral development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 2006. 142(2): p. 509-25 [PMID:16920880] Soitamo AJ,Piippo M,Allahverdiyeva Y,Battchikova N,Aro EM Light has a specific role in modulating Arabidopsis gene expression at low temperature. BMC Plant Biol., 2008. 8: p. 13 [PMID:18230142] Waters MT,Moylan EC,Langdale JA GLK transcription factors regulate chloroplast development in a cell-autonomous manner. Plant J., 2008. 56(3): p. 432-44 [PMID:18643989] Ascencio-Ib Global analysis of Arabidopsis gene expression uncovers a complex array of changes impacting pathogen response and cell cycle during geminivirus infection. Plant Physiol., 2008. 148(1): p. 436-54 [PMID:18650403] Waters MT, et al. GLK transcription factors coordinate expression of the photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2009. 21(4): p. 1109-28 [PMID:19376934] Bravo-Garcia A,Yasumura Y,Langdale JA Specialization of the Golden2-like regulatory pathway during land plant evolution. New Phytol., 2009. 183(1): p. 133-41 [PMID:19383092] Kakizaki T, et al. Coordination of plastid protein import and nuclear gene expression by plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Plant Physiol., 2009. 151(3): p. 1339-53 [PMID:19726569] Yu X, et al. A brassinosteroid transcriptional network revealed by genome-wide identification of BESI target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J., 2011. 65(4): p. 634-46 [PMID:21214652] Yu B, et al. Arabidopsis cpSRP54 regulates carotenoid accumulation in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus. J. Exp. Bot., 2012. 63(14): p. 5189-202 [PMID:22791829] Kobayashi K,Obayashi T,Masuda T Role of the G-box element in regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis roots. Plant Signal Behav, 2012. 7(8): p. 922-6 [PMID:22827944] Wang P, et al. Evolution of GOLDEN2-LIKE gene function in C(3) and C (4) plants. Planta, 2013. 237(2): p. 481-95 [PMID:22968911] Rauf M, et al. ORE1 balances leaf senescence against maintenance by antagonizing G2-like-mediated transcription. EMBO Rep., 2013. 14(4): p. 382-8 [PMID:23459204] Kobayashi K, et al. Photosynthesis of root chloroplasts developed in Arabidopsis lines overexpressing GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors. Plant Cell Physiol., 2013. 54(8): p. 1365-77 [PMID:23749810] Jin J, et al. An Arabidopsis Transcriptional Regulatory Map Reveals Distinct Functional and Evolutionary Features of Novel Transcription Factors. Mol. Biol. Evol., 2015. 32(7): p. 1767-73 [PMID:25750178] Leister D,Kleine T Definition of a core module for the nuclear retrograde response to altered organellar gene expression identifies GLK overexpressors as gun mutants. Physiol Plant, 2016. 157(3): p. 297-309 [PMID:26876646] Nagatoshi Y, et al. GOLDEN 2-LIKE transcription factors for chloroplast development affect ozone tolerance through the regulation of stomatal movement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2016. 113(15): p. 4218-23 [PMID:27035938] Han XY, et al. GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors coordinate the tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2016. 477(4): p. 626-632 [PMID:27346129] Ni F, et al. Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus P69 Interacts with and Suppresses GLK Transcription Factors to Cause Pale-Green Symptoms in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant, 2017. 10(5): p. 764-766 [PMID:27964999] Bastakis E,Hedtke B,Klermund C,Grimm B,Schwechheimer C LLM-Domain B-GATA Transcription Factors Play Multifaceted Roles in Controlling Greening in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2018. 30(3): p. 582-599 [PMID:29453227] Zubo YO, et al. Coordination of Chloroplast Development through the Action of the GNC and GLK Transcription Factor Families. Plant Physiol., 2018. 178(1): p. 130-147 [PMID:30002259]