PlantTFDB - Plant Transcription Factor Database @ CBI, PKU

PlantRegMap/PlantTFDB v5.0

Plant Transcription Factor Database

Transcription Factor Information

Basic Information | Signature Domain | Sequence |

Basic Information? help Back to Top

TF ID

AT1G65620.1

Common Name

AS2, F5I14.15, LBD6

Organism

Arabidopsis thaliana

Taxonomic ID

3702

Taxonomic Lineage

cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Streptophytina; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Euphyllophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Mesangiospermae; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis

Family

LBD

Protein Properties

Length: 199aa MW: 21709.5 Da PI: 7.533

Description

LBD family protein

Gene Model

Gene Model ID	Type	Source	Coding Sequence
AT1G65620.1	genome	TAIR	View CDS

Signature Domain? help Back to Top

No.	Domain	Score	E-value	Start	End	HMM Start	HMM End
1	DUF260	145.3	1.8e-45	9	108	1	100
DUF260 1 aCaaCkvlrrkCakdCvlapyfpaeqpkkfanvhklFGasnvlkllkalpeeeredamsslvyeAearardPvyGavgvilklqqqleqlkaelallk 98 +CaaCk+lrrkC+++Cv+apyfp +qp+kfanvhk+FGasnv+kll++l++++reda++sl+yeA++r+rdPvyG+vgvi+ lq+ql+ql+ +l+ +k AT1G65620.1 9 PCAACKFLRRKCQPECVFAPYFPPDQPQKFANVHKVFGASNVTKLLNELHPSQREDAVNSLAYEADMRLRDPVYGCVGVISLLQHQLRQLQIDLSCAK 106 7*********************************************************************************************9998 PP DUF260 99 ee 100 +e AT1G65620.1 107 SE 108 87 PP

Protein Features ? help Back to Top

Database	Entry ID	E-value	Start	End	InterPro ID	Description
PROSITE profile	PS50891	27.201	8	109	IPR004883	Lateral organ boundaries, LOB
Pfam	PF03195	1.2E-44	9	106	IPR004883	Lateral organ boundaries, LOB

Gene Ontology ? help Back to Top
GO Term	GO Category	GO Description
GO:0009799	Biological Process	specification of symmetry
GO:0009944	Biological Process	polarity specification of adaxial/abaxial axis
GO:0009954	Biological Process	proximal/distal pattern formation
GO:0048441	Biological Process	petal development
GO:0005654	Cellular Component	nucleoplasm
GO:0005515	Molecular Function	protein binding

Plant Ontology ? help Back to Top
PO Term	PO Category	PO Description
PO:0000017	anatomy	vascular leaf primordium
PO:0000025	anatomy	root tip
PO:0000037	anatomy	shoot apex
PO:0000293	anatomy	guard cell
PO:0006018	anatomy	leaf adaxial epidermis
PO:0008019	anatomy	leaf lamina base
PO:0009006	anatomy	shoot system
PO:0009009	anatomy	plant embryo
PO:0009010	anatomy	seed
PO:0009025	anatomy	vascular leaf
PO:0009029	anatomy	stamen
PO:0009030	anatomy	carpel
PO:0009031	anatomy	sepal
PO:0009032	anatomy	petal
PO:0009046	anatomy	flower
PO:0009052	anatomy	flower pedicel
PO:0020137	anatomy	leaf apex
PO:0025022	anatomy	collective leaf structure
PO:0001054	developmental stage	vascular leaf senescent stage
PO:0001078	developmental stage	plant embryo cotyledonary stage
PO:0001081	developmental stage	mature plant embryo stage
PO:0004507	developmental stage	plant embryo bilateral stage
PO:0007611	developmental stage	petal differentiation and expansion stage
PO:0007616	developmental stage	flowering stage

Sequence ? help Back to Top
Protein Sequence Length: 199 aa Download sequence Send to blast
MASSSTNSPC AACKFLRRKC QPECVFAPYF PPDQPQKFAN VHKVFGASNV TKLLNELHPS 60 QREDAVNSLA YEADMRLRDP VYGCVGVISL LQHQLRQLQI DLSCAKSELS KYQSLGILAA 120 THQSLGINLL AGAADGTATA VRDHYHHHQF FPREQMFGGL DVPAGNNYDG GILAIGQITQ 180 FQQPRAAAGD DGRRTVDPS

3D Structure ? help Back to Top

PDB ID	Evalue	Query Start	Query End	Hit Start	Hit End	Description
5ly0_A	3e-54	3	112	5	114	LOB family transfactor Ramosa2.1
5ly0_B	3e-54	3	112	5	114	LOB family transfactor Ramosa2.1
Search in ModeBase

Expression -- Microarray ? help Back to Top
Source	ID	E-value
GEO	145337202	0.0
Genevisible	264626_at	0.0
Expression Atlas	AT1G65620	-
AtGenExpress	AT1G65620	-
ATTED-II	AT1G65620	-

Expression -- Description ? help Back to Top
Source	Description
Uniprot	TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed in young shoots, roots, stems, leaves, flowers and adaxial domains of cotyledonary and leaves primordia. {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12040093, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12068116, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17559509}.

Functional Description ? help Back to Top
Source	Description
TAIR	required for formation of a symmetric flat leaf lamina, encodes a member of a family of proteins characterized by cysteine repeats and a leucine zipper; involved in KNOX gene regulation. Acts together with ASL1 in proximal-distal symmetry determination. Forms a complex with AS1 that binds to the BP promoter and leads to silencing of BP.
UniProt	Negative regulator of cell proliferation in the adaxial side of leaves. Regulates the formation of a symmetric lamina and the establishment of venation. Positively regulates LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) within the shoot apex, and the class III HD-ZIP genes REV, PHB, and PHV. Interacts directly with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 (AS1) to repress the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, and KNAT6 and the abaxial determinants ARF3, KAN2 and YAB5. May act in parallel with the RDR6-SGS3-AGO7 pathway, an endogenous RNA silencing pathway, to regulate the leaf morphogenesis (PubMed:11311158, PubMed:12787254, PubMed:12874130, PubMed:14508003, PubMed:16006579, PubMed:16699177, PubMed:17395603, PubMed:17559509). Required for the binding of AS1 to the KNOX genes (PubMed:23271976). Involved in leaf polarity establishment by functioning cooperatively with RH10 or RID2 to repress abaxial genes ARF3, ARF4, KAN1, KAN2, YAB1 and YAB5, and the knox homeobox genes KNAT1, KNAT2, KNAT6, and STM to promote adaxial development in leaf primordia at shoot apical meristems at high temperatures (PubMed:27334696). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11311158, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12787254, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:12874130, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:14508003, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16006579, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:16699177, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17395603, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:17559509, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:23271976, ECO:0000269\|PubMed:27334696}.

Function -- GeneRIF ? help Back to Top
AS2 genes are important for repressing class I KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) genes and specifying leaf adaxial identity in leaf development [PMID: 16006579] RDR6, SGS3 and AGO7 act in the same pathway, which genetically interacts with the AS1-AS2 pathway for leaf development. [PMID: 16699177] Results suggest that histone deacetylases HDT1/HD2A and HDT2/HD2B, and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES (AS) 1 and 2 act independently to control levels and/or patterns of miR165/166 distribution and the development of adaxial-abaxial leaf polarity. [PMID: 17293570] AS2 represses cell proliferation in the adaxial domain in the presence of asymmetric leaves 1, and adaxial expression of AS2 at an appropriate level is critical for the development of a symmetrical, expanded lamina. [PMID: 17559509] A previously unrecognized fundamental regulation by which AS1, AS2, and JAG act to define sepal and petal from their boundaries is reported. [PMID: 18156293] results of studying new alleles of AS1 and AS2 support their role in control of class I KNOX genes and auxin transport. [PMID: 18409376] AS1, AS2 and the AS1-AS2 protein complex may have distinct functions, which are all required for normal plant development. [PMID: 18713400] KAN1 acts as a transcriptional repressor and that mutually repressive interactions between KAN1 and AS2 contribute to the establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity in plants [PMID: 18849474] Results revealed that the reduction in leaf size and late flowering were caused by the repression, by KNOX genes, of a gibberellin (GA) pathway in as1 and as2 plants. [PMID: 19891706] BOP1/2 activity is required for AS2 activation specifically in the proximal region of the leaf and that BOP1 is a direct upstream regulator of AS2 during leaf development. [PMID: 20118228] ELO3 mediated establishment of leaf polarity independently of AS2 and the trans-acting small interfering RNA-related pathway. [PMID: 21700721] AS2 might be involved in the determination of abaxial polarity in cockscomb plants. [PMID: 22143880] These results suggest that AS2 bodies function to properly distribute AS2 to daughter cells during cell division in leaf primordia; and this process is controlled at least partially by signals encoded by the AS2 sequence itself. [PMID: 22351044] AS2 and the miRNA319-targeted TCP transcription factors form protein complexes, which associate with promoter regions and downregulate BP and KNAT2 expression. [PMID: 22380849] The JLO and AS2 proteins interact molecularly and form multimeric complexes with AS1 to suppress KNOX expression. AS2 together with JLO regulate auxin transport in seedling roots. [PMID: 22822207] Negative transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of ARF3 by AS1-AS2 is important for stabilizing early leaf partitioning into abaxial and adaxial domains. [PMID: 23571218] ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 expression is critical for leaf axial patterning. [PMID: 24006428] These data points to a general requirement for AS2 repression in meristematic regions to allow cell proliferation. [PMID: 25807065] We found that AS2 promotes DCP2 decapping activity, accelerates mRNA turnover rate, inhibits siRNA accumulation and functions as an endogenous suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing [PMID: 26431425] that complexes of the transcription factors ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 (AS1) and AS2 could help to establish the H3K27me3 modification at the chromatin regions of Class-I KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) genes BREVIPEDICELLUS and KNAT2 via direct interactions with LHP1. [PMID: 27273574] AS2 role in the DNA methylation and leaf polarity.AS2 binds specifically the sequence containing CpGs in exon 1 of ARF3. [PMID: 29415182]

Binding Motif ? help Back to Top
Motif ID	Method	Source	Motif file
MP00211	DAP	27203113	Download

Cis-element ? help Back to Top
Source	Link
PlantRegMap	AT1G65620.1

Regulation -- Description ? help Back to Top
Source	Description
UniProt	INDUCTION: Negatively regulated by SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM). {ECO:0000269\|PubMed:11934861}.

Regulation -- PlantRegMap ? help Back to Top
Source	Upstream Regulator	Target Gene
PlantRegMap	Retrieve	Retrieve

Regulation -- ATRM (Manually Curated Upstream Regulators) ? help Back to Top
Source	Upstream Regulator (A: Activate/R: Repress)
ATRM	AT1G62360 (R), AT2G34710 (A), AT4G00180 (R), AT5G16560 (R)

Regulation -- ATRM (Manually Curated Target Genes) ? help Back to Top
Source	Target Gene (A: Activate/R: Repress)
ATRM	AT1G23380(R), AT1G32240(R), AT1G62360(R), AT1G70510(R), AT2G26580(R), AT2G33860(R), AT2G34710(A), AT2G45190(R), AT3G15170(R), AT4G00180(R), AT4G08150(R), AT5G03680(R), AT5G16560(R), AT5G53950(R), AT5G63090(A)

Regulation -- Hormone ? help Back to Top
Source	Hormone
AHD	Gibberellin

Interaction ? help Back to Top
Source	Intact With
BioGRID	AT1G65620
IntAct	Search O04479

Phenotype -- Mutation ? help Back to Top
Source	ID
T-DNA Express	AT1G65620

Annotation -- Nucleotide ? help Back to Top
Source	Hit ID	E-value	Description
GenBank	AB080802	0.0	AB080802.1 Arabidopsis thaliana AS2 mRNA for ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2, complete cds.
GenBank	AB473833	0.0	AB473833.1 Arabidopsis thaliana AS2 mRNA for ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2, complete cds.
GenBank	AF447887	0.0	AF447887.1 Arabidopsis thaliana LOB DOMAIN 6 (LBD6) mRNA, complete cds.
GenBank	AY519483	0.0	AY519483.1 Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Blanes AS2 (At1G65620) gene, complete cds.
GenBank	BT025163	0.0	BT025163.1 Arabidopsis thaliana At1g65620 mRNA, complete cds.
GenBank	CP002684	0.0	CP002684.1 Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 1 sequence.
GenBank	F5I14	0.0	AC001229.1 Sequence of BAC F5I14 from Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 1, complete sequence.

Annotation -- Protein ? help Back to Top
Source	Hit ID	E-value	Description
Refseq	NP_001077777.1	1e-148	Lateral organ boundaries (LOB) domain family protein
Refseq	NP_001077778.1	1e-148	Lateral organ boundaries (LOB) domain family protein
Refseq	NP_001117553.1	1e-148	Lateral organ boundaries (LOB) domain family protein
Refseq	NP_001320370.1	1e-148	Lateral organ boundaries (LOB) domain family protein
Refseq	NP_176739.1	1e-148	Lateral organ boundaries (LOB) domain family protein
Swissprot	O04479	1e-149	AS2_ARATH; Protein ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2
TrEMBL	A0A178WIA0	1e-146	A0A178WIA0_ARATH; AS2
STRING	AT1G65620.1	1e-147	(Arabidopsis thaliana)

Orthologous Group ? help Back to Top
Lineage	Orthologous Group ID	Taxa Number	Gene Number
Malvids	OGEM12679	25	31
Representative plant	OGRP60	16	318

Link Out ? help Back to Top
Phytozome	AT1G65620.1
Entrez Gene	842873
iHOP	AT1G65620
wikigenes	AT1G65620

Publications ? help Back to Top
Ori N,Eshed Y,Chuck G,Bowman JL,Hake S Mechanisms that control knox gene expression in the Arabidopsis shoot. Development, 2000. 127(24): p. 5523-32 [PMID:11076771] Semiarti E, et al. The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana regulates formation of a symmetric lamina, establishment of venation and repression of meristem-related homeobox genes in leaves. Development, 2001. 128(10): p. 1771-83 [PMID:11311158] Byrne ME,Simorowski J,Martienssen RA ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 reveals knox gene redundancy in Arabidopsis. Development, 2002. 129(8): p. 1957-65 [PMID:11934861] Iwakawa H, et al. The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, required for formation of a symmetric flat leaf lamina, encodes a member of a novel family of proteins characterized by cysteine repeats and a leucine zipper. Plant Cell Physiol., 2002. 43(5): p. 467-78 [PMID:12040093] Shuai B,Reynaga-Peña CG,Springer PS The lateral organ boundaries gene defines a novel, plant-specific gene family. Plant Physiol., 2002. 129(2): p. 747-61 [PMID:12068116] Ha CM, et al. The BLADE-ON-PETIOLE 1 gene controls leaf pattern formation through the modulation of meristematic activity in Arabidopsis. Development, 2003. 130(1): p. 161-72 [PMID:12441300] Takada S,Tasaka M Embryonic shoot apical meristem formation in higher plants. J. Plant Res., 2002. 115(6): p. 411-7 [PMID:12579444] Micol JL,Hake S The development of plant leaves. Plant Physiol., 2003. 131(2): p. 389-94 [PMID:12586863] Nakazawa M, et al. Activation tagging, a novel tool to dissect the functions of a gene family. Plant J., 2003. 34(5): p. 741-50 [PMID:12787254] Xu L, et al. Novel as1 and as2 defects in leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity reveal the requirement for ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 and 2 and ERECTA functions in specifying leaf adaxial identity. Development, 2003. 130(17): p. 4097-107 [PMID:12874130] Lin WC,Shuai B,Springer PS The Arabidopsis LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-domain gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 functions in the repression of KNOX gene expression and in adaxial-abaxial patterning. Plant Cell, 2003. 15(10): p. 2241-52 [PMID:14508003] Hibara K,Takada S,Tasaka M CUC1 gene activates the expression of SAM-related genes to induce adventitious shoot formation. Plant J., 2003. 36(5): p. 687-96 [PMID:14617069] Katz A,Oliva M,Mosquna A,Hakim O,Ohad N FIE and CURLY LEAF polycomb proteins interact in the regulation of homeobox gene expression during sporophyte development. Plant J., 2004. 37(5): p. 707-19 [PMID:14871310] Qi Y,Sun Y,Xu L,Xu Y,Huang H ERECTA is required for protection against heat-stress in the AS1/ AS2 pathway to regulate adaxial-abaxial leaf polarity in Arabidopsis. Planta, 2004. 219(2): p. 270-6 [PMID:15034716] Cnops G, et al. The rotunda2 mutants identify a role for the LEUNIG gene in vegetative leaf morphogenesis. J. Exp. Bot., 2004. 55(402): p. 1529-39 [PMID:15208345] Engstrom EM,Izhaki A,Bowman JL Promoter bashing, microRNAs, and Knox genes. New insights, regulators, and targets-of-regulation in the establishment of lateral organ polarity in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 2004. 135(2): p. 685-94 [PMID:15208415] Zgurski JM,Sharma R,Bolokoski DA,Schultz EA Asymmetric auxin response precedes asymmetric growth and differentiation of asymmetric leaf1 and asymmetric leaf2 Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Cell, 2005. 17(1): p. 77-91 [PMID:15608337] Chalfun-Junior A, et al. ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2-LIKE1 gene, a member of the AS2/LOB family, controls proximal-distal patterning in Arabidopsis petals. Plant Mol. Biol., 2005. 57(4): p. 559-75 [PMID:15821980] Kwon CS,Chen C,Wagner D WUSCHEL is a primary target for transcriptional regulation by SPLAYED in dynamic control of stem cell fate in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev., 2005. 19(8): p. 992-1003 [PMID:15833920] Li H, et al. The Putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RDR6 acts synergistically with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 and 2 to repress BREVIPEDICELLUS and MicroRNA165/166 in Arabidopsis leaf development. Plant Cell, 2005. 17(8): p. 2157-71 [PMID:16006579] Phelps-Durr TL,Thomas J,Vahab P,Timmermans MC Maize rough sheath2 and its Arabidopsis orthologue ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 interact with HIRA, a predicted histone chaperone, to maintain knox gene silencing and determinacy during organogenesis. Plant Cell, 2005. 17(11): p. 2886-98 [PMID:16243907] Xu L, et al. Genetic interaction between the AS1-AS2 and RDR6-SGS3-AGO7 pathways for leaf morphogenesis. Plant Cell Physiol., 2006. 47(7): p. 853-63 [PMID:16699177] Yang L, et al. Characterizations of a hypomorphic argonaute1 mutant reveal novel AGO1 functions in Arabidopsis lateral organ development. Plant Mol. Biol., 2006. 61(1-2): p. 63-78 [PMID:16786292] Huang W, et al. The proteolytic function of the Arabidopsis 26S proteasome is required for specifying leaf adaxial identity. Plant Cell, 2006. 18(10): p. 2479-92 [PMID:17028202] Okushima Y,Fukaki H,Onoda M,Theologis A,Tasaka M ARF7 and ARF19 regulate lateral root formation via direct activation of LBD/ASL genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2007. 19(1): p. 118-30 [PMID:17259263] Ueno Y, et al. Histone deacetylases and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 are involved in the establishment of polarity in leaves of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2007. 19(2): p. 445-57 [PMID:17293570] Fu Y, et al. Genetic interactions between leaf polarity-controlling genes and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 and 2 in Arabidopsis leaf patterning. Plant Cell Physiol., 2007. 48(5): p. 724-35 [PMID:17395603] Borghi L,Bureau M,Simon R Arabidopsis JAGGED LATERAL ORGANS is expressed in boundaries and coordinates KNOX and PIN activity. Plant Cell, 2007. 19(6): p. 1795-808 [PMID:17557810] Iwakawa H, et al. Expression of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 gene in the adaxial domain of Arabidopsis leaves represses cell proliferation in this domain and is critical for the development of properly expanded leaves. Plant J., 2007. 51(2): p. 173-84 [PMID:17559509] Alonso-Cantabrana H, et al. Common regulatory networks in leaf and fruit patterning revealed by mutations in the Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 gene. Development, 2007. 134(14): p. 2663-71 [PMID:17592013] Ha CM,Jun JH,Nam HG,Fletcher JC BLADE-ON-PETIOLE 1 and 2 control Arabidopsis lateral organ fate through regulation of LOB domain and adaxial-abaxial polarity genes. Plant Cell, 2007. 19(6): p. 1809-25 [PMID:17601823] Lin Z, et al. AtCDC5 regulates the G2 to M transition of the cell cycle and is critical for the function of Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem. Cell Res., 2007. 17(9): p. 815-28 [PMID:17768399] Husbands A,Bell EM,Shuai B,Smith HM,Springer PS LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES defines a new family of DNA-binding transcription factors and can interact with specific bHLH proteins. Nucleic Acids Res., 2007. 35(19): p. 6663-71 [PMID:17913740] Nurmberg PL, et al. The developmental selector AS1 is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of the plant immune response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2007. 104(47): p. 18795-800 [PMID:18003921] Xu B, et al. Arabidopsis genes AS1, AS2, and JAG negatively regulate boundary-specifying genes to promote sepal and petal development. Plant Physiol., 2008. 146(2): p. 566-75 [PMID:18156293] Guo M,Thomas J,Collins G,Timmermans MC Direct repression of KNOX loci by the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 complex of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2008. 20(1): p. 48-58 [PMID:18203921] Vu KhCh,Ondar UN,Soldatova OP [Expression of new mutant alleles of AS1 and AS2 genes controlling leaf morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana] Ontogenez, 2008 Jan-Feb. 39(1): p. 8-14 [PMID:18409376] Zhu Y, et al. Subcellular localizations of AS1 and AS2 suggest their common and distinct roles in plant development. J Integr Plant Biol, 2008. 50(7): p. 897-905 [PMID:18713400] Yang JY, et al. betaC1, the pathogenicity factor of TYLCCNV, interacts with AS1 to alter leaf development and suppress selective jasmonic acid responses. Genes Dev., 2008. 22(18): p. 2564-77 [PMID:18794352] Wu G, et al. KANADI1 regulates adaxial-abaxial polarity in Arabidopsis by directly repressing the transcription of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2008. 105(42): p. 16392-7 [PMID:18849474] Soyano T,Thitamadee S,Machida Y,Chua NH ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2-LIKE19/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN30 and ASL20/LBD18 regulate tracheary element differentiation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2008. 20(12): p. 3359-73 [PMID:19088331] Micol JL Leaf development: time to turn over a new leaf? Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2009. 12(1): p. 9-16 [PMID:19109050] Takahashi H, et al. Knowledge-based fuzzy adaptive resonance theory and its application to the analysis of gene expression in plants. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 2008. 106(6): p. 587-93 [PMID:19134556] Matsumura Y,Iwakawa H,Machida Y,Machida C Characterization of genes in the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2/LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (AS2/LOB) family in Arabidopsis thaliana, and functional and molecular comparisons between AS2 and other family members. Plant J., 2009. 58(3): p. 525-37 [PMID:19154202] Liu Z, et al. Molecular and reverse genetic characterization of NUCLEOSOME ASSEMBLY PROTEIN1 (NAP1) genes unravels their function in transcription and nucleotide excision repair in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J., 2009. 59(1): p. 27-38 [PMID:19228338] Ikezaki M, et al. Genetic networks regulated by ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) and AS2 in leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana: KNOX genes control five morphological events. Plant J., 2010. 61(1): p. 70-82 [PMID:19891706] Tabata R, et al. Arabidopsis auxin response factor6 and 8 regulate jasmonic acid biosynthesis and floral organ development via repression of class 1 KNOX genes. Plant Cell Physiol., 2010. 51(1): p. 164-75 [PMID:20007966] Jun JH,Ha CM,Fletcher JC BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 coordinates organ determinacy and axial polarity in arabidopsis by directly activating ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2. Plant Cell, 2010. 22(1): p. 62-76 [PMID:20118228] P A role for AUXIN RESISTANT3 in the coordination of leaf growth. Plant Cell Physiol., 2010. 51(10): p. 1661-73 [PMID:20739302] Mangeon A,Bell EM,Lin WC,Jablonska B,Springer PS Misregulation of the LOB domain gene DDA1 suggests possible functions in auxin signalling and photomorphogenesis. J. Exp. Bot., 2011. 62(1): p. 221-33 [PMID:20797997] Wang L, et al. miR396-targeted AtGRF transcription factors are required for coordination of cell division and differentiation during leaf development in Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot., 2011. 62(2): p. 761-73 [PMID:21036927] Yuan Z, et al. Characterization of the AE7 gene in Arabidopsis suggests that normal cell proliferation is essential for leaf polarity establishment. Plant J., 2010. 64(2): p. 331-42 [PMID:21070412] Horiguchi G, et al. ANGUSTIFOLIA3 plays roles in adaxial/abaxial patterning and growth in leaf morphogenesis. Plant Cell Physiol., 2011. 52(1): p. 112-24 [PMID:21097896] Horiguchi G, et al. Differential contributions of ribosomal protein genes to Arabidopsis thaliana leaf development. Plant J., 2011. 65(5): p. 724-36 [PMID:21251100] Kojima S, et al. Asymmetric leaves2 and Elongator, a histone acetyltransferase complex, mediate the establishment of polarity in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol., 2011. 52(8): p. 1259-73 [PMID:21700721] Arabidopsis Interactome Mapping Consortium Evidence for network evolution in an Arabidopsis interactome map. Science, 2011. 333(6042): p. 601-7 [PMID:21798944] Yamaguchi N,Yamaguchi A,Abe M,Wagner D,Komeda Y LEAFY controls Arabidopsis pedicel length and orientation by affecting adaxial-abaxial cell fate. Plant J., 2012. 69(5): p. 844-56 [PMID:22050454] Sun SB,Song JP,Meng LS ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 gene, a member of LOB/AS2 family of Arabidopsis thaliana, causes an abaxializing leaves in transgenic cockscomb. Mol. Biol. Rep., 2012. 39(4): p. 4927-35 [PMID:22143880] Luo L, et al. Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 protein required for leaf morphogenesis consistently forms speckles during mitosis of tobacco BY-2 cells via signals in its specific sequence. J. Plant Res., 2012. 125(5): p. 661-8 [PMID:22351044] Li Z,Li B,Shen WH,Huang H,Dong A TCP transcription factors interact with AS2 in the repression of class-I KNOX genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J., 2012. 71(1): p. 99-107 [PMID:22380849] Han HJ, et al. The transcriptional repressor activity of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 is inhibited by direct interaction with calmodulin in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Environ., 2012. 35(11): p. 1969-82 [PMID:22554014] Nakagawa A, et al. Berberine enhances defects in the establishment of leaf polarity in asymmetric leaves1 and asymmetric leaves2 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol., 2012. 79(6): p. 569-81 [PMID:22684430] Rast MI,Simon R Arabidopsis JAGGED LATERAL ORGANS acts with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 to coordinate KNOX and PIN expression in shoot and root meristems. Plant Cell, 2012. 24(7): p. 2917-33 [PMID:22822207] Mecchia MA,Debernardi JM,Rodriguez RE,Schommer C,Palatnik JF MicroRNA miR396 and RDR6 synergistically regulate leaf development. Mech. Dev., 2013. 130(1): p. 2-13 [PMID:22889666] Meinke DW A survey of dominant mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana. Trends Plant Sci., 2013. 18(2): p. 84-91 [PMID:22995285] Coudert Y,Dievart A,Droc G,Gantet P ASL/LBD phylogeny suggests that genetic mechanisms of root initiation downstream of auxin are distinct in lycophytes and euphyllophytes. Mol. Biol. Evol., 2013. 30(3): p. 569-72 [PMID:23112232] Gonz Antagonistic gene activities determine the formation of pattern elements along the mediolateral axis of the Arabidopsis fruit. PLoS Genet., 2012. 8(11): p. e1003020 [PMID:23133401] Ishibashi N, et al. ASYMMETRIC-LEAVES2 and an ortholog of eukaryotic NudC domain proteins repress expression of AUXIN-RESPONSE-FACTOR and class 1 KNOX homeobox genes for development of flat symmetric leaves in Arabidopsis. Biol Open, 2012. 1(3): p. 197-207 [PMID:23213410] Luo M, et al. Histone deacetylase HDA6 is functionally associated with AS1 in repression of KNOX genes in arabidopsis. PLoS Genet., 2012. 8(12): p. e1003114 [PMID:23271976] Takahashi H, et al. Meta-analyses of microarrays of Arabidopsis asymmetric leaves1 (as1), as2 and their modifying mutants reveal a critical role for the ETT pathway in stabilization of adaxial-abaxial patterning and cell division during leaf development. Plant Cell Physiol., 2013. 54(3): p. 418-31 [PMID:23396601] Sun X,Feng Z,Meng L,Zhu J,Geitmann A Arabidopsis ASL11/LBD15 is involved in shoot apical meristem development and regulates WUS expression. Planta, 2013. 237(5): p. 1367-78 [PMID:23397191] Lodha M,Marco CF,Timmermans MC The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES complex maintains repression of KNOX homeobox genes via direct recruitment of Polycomb-repressive complex2. Genes Dev., 2013. 27(6): p. 596-601 [PMID:23468429] Iwasaki M, et al. Dual regulation of ETTIN (ARF3) gene expression by AS1-AS2, which maintains the DNA methylation level, is involved in stabilization of leaf adaxial-abaxial partitioning in Arabidopsis. Development, 2013. 140(9): p. 1958-69 [PMID:23571218] Chen X,Wang H,Li J,Huang H,Xu L Quantitative control of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 expression is critical for leaf axial patterning in Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot., 2013. 64(16): p. 4895-905 [PMID:24006428] Jin J, et al. An Arabidopsis Transcriptional Regulatory Map Reveals Distinct Functional and Evolutionary Features of Novel Transcription Factors. Mol. Biol. Evol., 2015. 32(7): p. 1767-73 [PMID:25750178] Zhang F,Tadege M Repression of AS2 by WOX family transcription factors is required for leaf development in Medicago and Arabidopsis. Plant Signal Behav, 2015. 10(7): p. e993291 [PMID:25807065] Machida C,Nakagawa A,Kojima S,Takahashi H,Machida Y The complex of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES (AS) proteins plays a central role in antagonistic interactions of genes for leaf polarity specification in Arabidopsis. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol, 2015 Nov-Dec. 4(6): p. 655-71 [PMID:26108442] Ye J, et al. Geminivirus Activates ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 to Accelerate Cytoplasmic DCP2-Mediated mRNA Turnover and Weakens RNA Silencing in Arabidopsis. PLoS Pathog., 2015. 11(10): p. e1005196 [PMID:26431425] Mateo-Bonmatí E, et al. Plastid control of abaxial-adaxial patterning. Sci Rep, 2015. 5: p. 15975 [PMID:26522839] Li Z, et al. Transcription factors AS1 and AS2 interact with LHP1 to repress KNOX genes in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol, 2016. 58(12): p. 959-970 [PMID:27273574] Matsumura Y, et al. A genetic link between epigenetic repressor AS1-AS2 and a putative small subunit processome in leaf polarity establishment of Arabidopsis. Biol Open, 2016. 5(7): p. 942-54 [PMID:27334696] Wang Z,Wang Y,Kohalmi SE,Amyot L,Hannoufa A SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 2 controls floral organ development and plant fertility by activating ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol., 2016. 92(6): p. 661-674 [PMID:27605094] Vial-Pradel S, et al. Arabidopsis Zinc-Finger-Like Protein ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) and Two Nucleolar Proteins Maintain Gene Body DNA Methylation in the Leaf Polarity Gene ETTIN (ARF3). Plant Cell Physiol., 2018. 59(7): p. 1385-1397 [PMID:29415182] Silverblatt-Buser EW,Frick MA,Rabeler C,Kaplinsky NJ Genetic Interactions Between BOB1 and Multiple 26S Proteasome Subunits Suggest a Role for Proteostasis in Regulating Arabidopsis Development. G3 (Bethesda), 2018. 8(4): p. 1379-1390 [PMID:29487187]